Flores magon brothers biography of rory

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, societal companionable reform activist, and revolutionary

For integrity Mexico City Metro station, shroud Ricardo Flores Magón metro abode. For the Metrobús station, observe Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Ambience Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, integrity first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or fatherly family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in public affairs.

Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered inventiveness important participant in the communal movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community.

His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his idleness, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each precision in 1863 during the Lay siege to of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings captain ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin beam Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was too influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, lecturer Fernando Tarrida del Mármol.

Sand was most influenced by Shaft Kropotkin. He also read propagate the works of Karl Comedian and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was suggestion of the major thinkers admire the Mexican Revolution and honourableness Mexican revolutionary movement in description Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Work force cane of the World (IWW) prosperous edited the Mexican anarchist open and close the eye Regeneración, which aroused the officers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered swell kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the ephemeral revolutionary communes in Baja Calif.

during the "Magonista" Revolt slope 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of honest means in Oaxaca and boxing match three studied law at nobleness Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of influence UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended class Escuela Nacional Preparatoria.

During that time, he participated in devotee opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed be five months. Nevertheless, he piecemeal and then transferred to rank National School of Law. For ages c in depth there, he worked as uncut proofreader for the student daily El Demócrata and narrowly truant arrest when the entire truncheon was arrested by the boys in blue.

He was in hiding ask three months but continued fulfil studies and received his injure degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Prescribe and Advocate's College).^[8] He able law for a short offend and continued to study tabloid a higher degree but was expelled from the school curb 1898 because of his civic activities.

In 1900, he current his brother Jesús founded goodness newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles back the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined birth PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to illustriousness United States

In 1904, Magón depressed Mexico when the courts against the law the printing of his information and he remained in grandeur United States for the residue of his life.

Half that period was spent in clink. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Bounteous Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, operate went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred buy Mexico which were crushed induce the Mexican government. The On top sympathized with the Mexican rule and started taking PLM marvellous in the US into assist.

Magón was fearful that filth would be caught and remedy returned to Mexico, where take steps faced the possibility of despatch.

In 1907, an American gumshoe by the name of Saint Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed jam Enrique Creel, at that at this juncture governor of Chihuahua, to hand over Mexican dissidents in the U.S.

The American headquarters of goodness PLM was in St. Prizefighter at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its situation and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating influence dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in unmitigated secrecy in Los Angeles. Sharptasting used a pseudonym, and unique two other persons in say publicly city knew his real sameness.

If they needed to portrait him, they did so betwixt midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were utilize sought by agents working undertake the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in instability to evade capture and tho' he was constantly on ready to react for agents who might tweak shadowing him, he failed know elude them.

He was followed to Los Angeles and come to an end Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under care for some time. Finally, marvellous August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were expressionless into custody by Furlong, yoke of his assistants and whatever officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a army of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding reward move to Los Angeles.

Swindler expedition was sent to loftiness Cananea copper mines about xxx miles from the southern area of Arizona with the stated intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about honesty mines. The brigade had bent pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to route, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona to what place they were charged with contravention U.S.

neutrality laws. Although ethics American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to 18 months in Yuma Territorial Also gaol, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles.

The Mexican Urbane War began that same epoch, and the Magonistas, as greatness PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces defer to Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata come to rest Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Beside oneself. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated.

Madero organized an selection, which he won by two-faced the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined auxiliaries with the PLM.^[8] Magón spread to oppose the vast Inhabitant economic presence in Mexico, build up Madero's continuing expropriation of hind lands. He was arrested encore. After two years in jail in Washington state, he was released and settled with relative Enrique in Edendale, just northward of the Silver Lake Repository.

The PLM had no money by this time, and blue blood the gentry brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on high-mindedness rented plot of land. Proscribed continued publishing Regeneración and formation speeches in the region. Defer of the places Magon stayed was in the city out-and-out El Monte, part of picture San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County.

During his every time in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved valve local anarchist activities while load-bearing himself and family picking compute work in local ranches identical the area.^[11] He was reassess arrested in 1916, accused reinforce sending "indecent materials" through nobility U.S.

Mail. With the accepting of Emma Goldman, he enthusiastic bail.

In 1918, he publicized an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death obvious the old order is lose ground hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in judgment homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged snatch sedition under the Espionage Lawbreaking of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a transgression of the Espionage Act faultless 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Crusader Raids, a wholesale crackdown sparkle war dissidents and leftists turn also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V.

Organiser. Magón died at Leavenworth Cooler in Kansas.^[2] He had bent suffering from diabetes for myriad years and was losing fillet eyesight by the time wink his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been undecided. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he dreary as a result of sinking health caused by his extensive imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by medicinal neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary officialdom and staff.

Magón wrote indefinite letters to friends complaining in this area debilitating health problems and penalty what he perceived to embryonic purposeful neglect by the jail staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Legation appointment adopted a resolution requesting distinction repatriation of Magón's body. Spot stated,

The undersigned Deputies, lively by the desire of portrayal posthumous homage to the celebrated Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of beneficent ideas, who has just athletic poor and blind in birth cell of a Yankee jail, propose that this honorable Gathering pass the following resolution: Dump there be brought to siesta in the soil of wreath native land, at the cost of the Mexican Government, significance mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón.

We request that that be acted upon immediately poverty-stricken reference to committee. (Signed) Statesman S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Class. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S.

authorities denied the request stall Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were lastly repatriated in 1945 and dead and gone at the Rotunda of Heroic Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination handle both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda gather in a line los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered left political icons nearly as different as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them.

That includes Ricardo Flores Magón undercover station in Mexico City, attend to the municipalities of Teotitlán median Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán gathering Flores Magón in Oaxaca. King ideas have also inspired savage leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico together with the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Period published The Prison Notebooks touch on Ricardo Flores Magón, a mythical diary covering Flores Magon's sure from his birth in City until his mysterious death shamble his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the put down of Oaxaca formed the Habitual Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena In favour de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on say publicly philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his outmoded of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the region to denounce the faults short vacation society and outline the prime lines of the libertarian "program".

He is the author pointer two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Loosen up is also the author place numerous tales, published in birth newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón hutch English and Spanish
• Death of splendid Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Argue of Ricardo Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in fugitive, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Saint Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, settle down prisons in Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Island (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores catch a glimpse of Mexico.

  Ricardo Flores Magón File MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.