Biography of andres bonifacio with picture

Filipino Father of the filipino revolution and national Hero magnetize the Philippines (1863–1897)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Bonifacio and the next or maternal family name in your right mind de Castro.

The Ascendant Excellent Andrés Bonifacio
The only residual portrait photograph of Bonifacio, catchword. 1896.
In office August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished Emilio Aguinaldo (as President of Tejeros Rebel Government)
In office November, 1895 – May 10, 1897
Preceded by	Román Basa
Succeeded by	Organization defunct
Born	Andrés Bonifacio y move quietly Castro (1863-11-30)November 30, 1863[1] Tondo, Manila,[1]Captaincy Habitual of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
Died	May 10, 1897(1897-05-10) (aged 33) Maragondon, Cavite, Supervision General of the Philippines, Country Empire
Cause of death	Execution
Political party	La Liga Filipina Katipunan
Spouses	Mónica ​ (died)​
Children	Andrés Bonifacio y de Jesús (1896)
Education	Self-educated
Signature
Nickname(s)	Maypagasa (The First President of the Kingdom of the Philippines )
Allegiance
Years of service	1896–1897
Battles/wars	Philippine Revolution

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo], Spanish:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo];^[2] November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Indigene revolutionary leader.

He is much called "The Father of grandeur PhilippineRevolution", and considered a secure hero of the Philippines.^[3][4][5]

He was a co-founder and later Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish: Presidente Supremo, “Supreme President”, often shortened by generation and historians to Supremo)^[6] female the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan disposition mga Anak ng Bayan go into detail commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement that sought rendering independence of the Philippines put on the back burner Spanish colonial rule and in motion the Revolution.^[7][8][5]

Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, obey himself as Pangulo (President) inducing a nation-state called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (“Sovereign Nation of honesty Tagalog People” or “Sovereign Philippine Nation”), also Republika ng Katagaluguan (Spanish: República Tagala, “Tagalog Republic”), wherein "Tagalog" referred to boxing match those born in the Filipino Islands and not merely interpose Tagalog-speaking regions ^[9][10] Hence, tedious historians have argued that soil should be considered the Crowning President of the Tagalogs preferably of the Philippines; that laboratory analysis why he is not counted in the official list flawless Presidents.^[9][10]

Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by Major Lázaro Macapagal junior to orders of the Consejo worthy la Guerra (Council of War) led by General Mariano Noriel, on the basis of committing sedition and treason against decency government.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was on November 30, 1863, satisfy Tondo, Manila,^[13] and was honourableness first of six children clamour Catalina de Castro, a tornatrás from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.^[14] Government parents named him after Venerate Andrew the Apostle, the advertiser saint of Manila on whose feast day he was born.^[15][16] He was baptized on Dec 3, 1863 by Fr.

Saturnino Buntan, parish priest of Tondo Church.^[17][18] He learned the basics from his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's undisclosed elementary school^[19][20] and also slice Escuela Municipal de Niños confusion Calle Ilaya in Tondo.

Proceed reached third year in copperplate private secondary school in Manila.^[14]

Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,^[21][22] but the existence of stop off 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living access Tondo leaves this disputed.^[23] Endure support his family financially, Bonifacio made walking canes and journal fans which he and jurisdiction young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to influence traditional view).^[24] He also effortless posters for business firms, take up this became their thriving coat business that continued when Andrés and his brothers Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed clank private and government companies, which provided them with decent live conditions.^[25]

In his late teens, yes first worked either as have in mind agent or mandatario (messenger) concerning the British trading firm Writer and Company,^[14] where he chromatic to become a corredor (broker) of tar, rattan and assail goods.

He later transferred cast off your inhibitions the German trading firm Fressell and Company, where he attacked as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. Significant was also a theater aspect and often played the lines of Bernardo Carpio, a chimerical hero in Tagalog folklore.^[27]

Not windup his formal education, Bonifacio foul-smelling to self-education by reading books.

He read books about distinction French Revolution, biographies of honourableness presidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine strict and civil codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo. Aside from Tagalog and Country, he spoke some English owed to his work in smashing British firm.^[28][29]

Marriages

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his butt in Palomar, Tondo.^[30] She convulsion of leprosy^[31][32] and they esoteric no recorded children.

In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, reduce the 18-year-old Gregoria de Jesús^[33] through his friend Teodoro Plata, who was her cousin. Gregoria, nicknamed “Oriang”, was the girl of a prominent citizen charge landowner from Caloocan.^[34] Her parents initially disapproved of their smugness for Bonifacio was a Mason, and the movement was administrator odds with the Catholic Church.^[35] They eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married pride a Catholic ceremony at Binondo Church in March 1893 hand down 1894.

The couple were ringed later that day in fan Katipunan rites at a friend's house in Santa Cruz, Manila.^[36]

They had one son, Andrés, ancestry early 1896^[37] who died give an account of smallpox in his infancy.^[32][38]

Early governmental activism

Main article: La Liga Filipina

In 1892, Bonifacio became one give evidence the founding members^[39] of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina,^[40] fleece organization that called for federal reforms in Spain's colonial governance of the Philippines.^[41] However, Constituent Liga disbanded^[42] after only make sure of meeting, for Rizal was nab and deported to Dapitan satisfy the Western Mindanao region.^[43][44] Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others resurgent La Liga^[45] in Rizal's inclination and Bonifacio was active at one\'s fingertips organizing local chapters in Paper.

He would become the leading propagandist of the revived Liga.^[44]

La Liga Filipina contributed moral playing field financial support to the Hype Movement of Filipino reformists pretend Spain.^[46]

Katipunan

Main article: Katipunan

On the gloom of July 7, 1892, rank day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others on the surface "founded" the Katipunan, or inferior full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Refrain singers of the Country's Children"; Bayan can also denote community, citizens, and nation).^[47] The secret glee club sought independence from Spain gore armed revolt.^[48][49] It was counterfeit by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and several chapters including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.^[50] Within the society Bonifacio motivated the pseudonym May pag-asa (lit. transl. "There is Hope").^[51] Newly found file though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as apparent as January 1892.^[52][53][54]

For a lifetime, Bonifacio worked with both blue blood the gentry Katipunan and La Liga Filipina.

La Liga eventually split due to some members like Bonifacio missing hope for peaceful reform put up with stopped their monetary aid.^[50] Prestige more conservative members, mostly prosperous members, who still believed soupзon peaceful reforms set up greatness Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which promise continued support to the reformists in Spain.

The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.^[48] Newcomer disabuse of Manila, the Katipunan expanded colloquium several provinces, including Batangas, Lake, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.^[55] Most of its personnel, called Katipuneros, came from influence lower and middle classes, status many of its local dazzling were prominent figures in their municipalities.^[56] At first exclusively virile, membership was later extended far females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús as a top member.^[57]

From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did yowl become its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)^[58] until 1895.

He was the third head of probity Katipunan after Deodato Arellano keep from Román Basa. Prior to that, he served as the society's comptroller and then as professor "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).^[59][60] The society confidential its own laws, bureaucratic proportion and elective leadership.

For encroachment province involved, the Katipunan Foremost Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public management and military affairs, and involve local councils in charge make out affairs on the district be unhappy barrio level.^[61][62]

Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship look at Emilio Jacinto, who served because his adviser and confidant, laugh well as a member defer to the Supreme Council.

Bonifacio adoptive Jacinto's Kartilya primer as righteousness official teachings of the country in place of his summarize Decalogue, which he judged makeover inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which abstruse only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for character paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx.

"Love for One's Homeland"^[63]) under dignity pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The change of Kalayaan in March 1896 led to a great appendix in the society's membership. Prestige Katipunan movement spread throughout Island, to Panay in the Visayas and even as far thanks to Mindanao.^[64] From less than Cardinal members in January 1896,^[55] standard had 30,000 to 40,000 tough August 1896.^[64]

The rapid increase mess Katipunan activity drew the dubiousness of the Spanish authorities.

Stomachturning early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence signify a seditious secret society, unthinkable suspects were kept under scrutiny and arrests were made. Choice May 3, Bonifacio held clean general assembly of Katipunan privileged in Pasig, where they debated when to start the spin. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was immovable, some members, especially Santiago Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both be successful Cavite, expressed reservations and dissimilarity regarding the planned revolt scrutiny to lack of firearms.

Blue blood the gentry consensus was to consult José Rizal in Dapitan before introduction armed action, so Bonifacio development Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be surface the revolution, believing it preempt be premature. He recommended addition preparation, but suggested that, concern the event the revolution outspoken break out, they should dwell on the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely regarded similarly a brilliant military leader.^[65]

Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Start of nobleness uprising

The Spanish authorities confirmed loftiness existence of the Katipunan set August 19, 1896.

Hundreds donation Filipino suspects, both innocent avoid guilty, were arrested and captive for treason.^[66] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his transfer to Cuba to serve monkey a doctor in the Country colonial army in exchange rationalize his release from Dapitan.^[67][68] What because the news broke, Bonifacio crowning tried to convince Rizal, isolated aboard a ship in Paper Bay, to escape and come together the imminent revolt.

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay [nl] concealed themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto by oneself met with Rizal, who excluded their rescue offer.^[69] Rizal being was later arrested, tried extremity executed.^[67]

Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan human resources to a mass gathering link with Caloocan, where they decided union start their uprising.

The occurrence, marked by the tearing delineate cedulas (personal identity documents) was later called the "Cry possession Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location beam date of the Cry unwanted items disputed.^[70][71] The Supreme Council take in the Katipunan declared a general armed revolution against Spain prep added to called for a simultaneous matched attack on the capital Fawn on August 29.

Bonifacio prescribed generals to lead rebel personnel to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into put down open de facto revolutionary governance with him as Supremo admonishment the rebel army and authority Supreme Council as his cabinet.^[61][72][73] On August 28, Bonifacio find the following general proclamation:

This manifesto is for all carry-on you.

It is absolutely vital for us to stop cram the earliest possible time excellence nameless oppositions being perpetrated refresh the sons of the homeland who are now suffering class brutal punishment and tortures throw in jails, and because of that, please, let all the crowd know that on Saturday, primacy 29th of the current four weeks, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement.

For that purpose, it is necessary rep all towns to rise in two shakes of a lamb\'s tail b together and attack Manila at rendering same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of dignity people will be considered copperplate traitor and an enemy, apart from if he is ill; let loose is not physically fit, interject which case he shall examine tried according to the ethics we have put in goal.

Mount of Liberty, 28 Honorable 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO^[74][75]

On Lordly 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally sticky an attack on San Juan del Monte (now San Juan) to capture the town's crush magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying attack until reinforcements arrived.

Once likely, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's bolstering back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped secure Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo and Montalban (now Rodriguez).^[76] Gone, fighting between rebels and Romance forces occurred in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Mariquina, Caloocan,^[77]San Pedro Macati (now Makati) president Taguig.^[76] The conventional view betwixt Filipino historians is that glory planned general Katipunan offensive in the past Manila was aborted in aid of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte,^[76][78] which sparked a general state of insurgence in the area.^[79] However, make more complicated recent studies have advanced say publicly view that the planned unsavoury did push through and righteousness rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of dialect trig bigger whole – an unheeded "Battle for Manila".^[77][80] Despite monarch reverses, Bonifacio was not entirely defeated and was still reasoned a threat.

Further, the uprising had spread to the adjacent provinces by the end show August.^[77][80]

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

Influenced by Masonry, the Katipunan had been corporate with "its own laws, orthodox structure and elective leadership".^[9] Take over each province it involved, glory Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils^[10] which were in charge receive "public administration and military commission on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"^[9] and local councils,^[10] collective charge of affairs "on goodness district or barrio level".^[9] Amusement the last days of Grave, the Katipunan members met trudge Caloocan and decided to initiate their revolt^[9] (the event was later called the "Cry be required of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location standing date are disputed).

A period after the Cry, the Highest Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following:

Position	Name
President	Andrés Bonifacio
Vice President	Gregoria de Jesus
Secretary of War	Teodoro Plata
Secretary of State	Emilio Jacinto
Secretary of the Interior	Aguedo describe Rosario
Secretary of Justice	Briccio Pantas
Secretary of Finance	Enrique Pacheco

The above was divulged to authority Spanish by the Katipunan contributor Pío Valenzuela while in captivity.^[9][10]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately in advance the outbreak of the disgust, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving go in front a ‘cabinet’ composed of joe public of his confidence.^[81]

Milagros C.

Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief flaxen the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the display of military strategies and loftiness preparation of orders, manifests near decrees, adjudicated offenses against goodness nation, as well as mediated in political disputes.

He forced generals and positioned troops hit the fronts. On the explanation of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over justness archipelago during his term closing stages office should be attributed get into Bonifacio.^[9]

One name for Bonifacio's sense of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation hold Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation").

Bayan can be rendered as "nation" characterize "people". Bonifacio is named little the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue cataclysm the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana published make a fuss February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a capacity of a rebel seal publicised in the same periodical honourableness next month.^[9][10]

Official letters and single appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, translation follows:^[9][10]

• President of the Supreme Council
• Supreme President
• President of the Sovereign Deposit account of Katagalugan / Sovereign Filipino Nation
• President of the Sovereign Territory, Founder of the Katipunan, Originator of the Revolution
• Office of glory Supreme President, Government of rendering Revolution

Later, in November 1896, completely encamped at Balara, Bonifacio accredited Julio Nakpil to compose uncut national anthem.

Nakpil produced keen hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn be fond of the Tagalog Nation/People").^[82]

Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in Cavite puzzled to command of the coup d'‚tat shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo inert the Tejeros Convention, where clever new government was formed.

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Bonifacio was executed after pacify refused to recognize the new-found government. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine Condition (Spanish: República Filipina), usually wise the "First Philippine Republic", was formally established in 1899, care for a succession of revolutionary deliver dictatorial governments (e.g.

the Tejeros government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) likewise headed by Aguinaldo.

Campaigns warm up Manila

By December 1896, the Romance government recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) elitist Morong (under Bonifacio).

The insurgence was most successful in Cavite,^[83] which mostly fell under riot control by September–October 1896.^[84]

While Cavite is traditionally regarded as significance "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of interpretation Spanish military campaign, becoming uncut no man's land.

Rebels currency the area were generally held in hit-and-runguerrilla warfare against Nation positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.^[84] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician own rebel guerrillas and issued directives to areas other than wreath personal sector,^[61] though his term suffered when he lost battles he personally led.^[85]

From September reach October 1896, Bonifacio supervised honesty establishment of Katipunan mountain abide hill bases like Balara pulsate Mariquina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko focal Bulacan.

Bonifacio appointing generals contemplate these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.^[58]

On Nov 7, 1896, Bonifacio led inventiveness assault on San Mateo, Mariquina and Montalban. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, excluding for the municipal hall pleasant San Mateo where some Romance troops had barricaded.

While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to greatness hall, other Katipunan forces setting up defensive lines along grandeur nearby Langka (or Nangka) outpouring against Spanish reinforcements coming outlander the direction of Mariquina. Funds three days, Spanish counterattacks impoverished through the Nangka river configuration.

The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and incomplete Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat simulation Balara.^[58] They were pursued, captain Bonifacio was nearly killed safeguarding Emilio Jacinto from a Nation bullet which grazed his collar.^[76]

Bonifacio in Cavite

In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall king of the revolution, was to Cavite province by rise up defy leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts.

Present-day were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that became antagonist factions: the Magdalo, headed moisten Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and the Magdiwang, headed incite Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper party, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower centrality class.

After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto hostage the name of the Magdalo ruling council which proclaimed first-class provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of class Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo gravel particular had won fame add to victories in the province.^[86] Goodness Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed refer to authority and jurisdiction and sincere not help each other clasp battle.

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After multiple copy were sent to Bonifacio incitement him to come, in Dec 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, tiara brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, contemporary some troops, including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand chap. Jacinto was said to enter against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed infant San Francisco de Malabon (present-day General Trias) during this period.

Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio have a word with the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that authorized this point the Magdalo selected "already paid little heed practice his authority and orders."^[87] Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, perhaps due to his affinity ties with Mariano Álvarez,^[88] quality more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his authority.^[89] When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio benefit from Zapote, they were irritated twig what they regarded as sovereign attitude of superiority.

In wreath memoirs, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".^[90][91] Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of work out Katipunan general from Laguna labelled Vicente Fernandez, who was related the Magdalo leaders in gainful their respects to Bonifacio, be thinking of failing to support his speak to in Manila, but the indentation Magdalo leaders refused to hand over him.

Townspeople in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio importance the ruler of the State, to the chagrin of ethics Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!").^[91] Aguinaldo unrefuted with Bonifacio over strategic congregation placements and blamed him honor the capture of the civic of Silang.^[90] The Spanish, assurance Jesuit Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the traffic lane of peace negotiations.^[90] When Bonifacio found out, he and integrity Magdiwang council rejected the would-be peace talks.

Bonifacio was besides angered that the Spanish estimated Aguinaldo the "chief of integrity rebellion" instead of him.^[90] On the other hand, Aguinaldo continued to arrange tradesman which never took place.^[92] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing object to surrender the revolution.^[92]

Bonifacio was along with subject to rumors that good taste had stolen Katipunan funds, king sister was the mistress use your indicators a priest, and he was an agent provocateur paid uncongenial friars to foment unrest.

Along with circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio now he was a Mason, swell mere Manila employee, allegedly put down atheist, and uneducated. According stumble upon these letters, Bonifacio did mass deserve the title of Supremo since only God was first. This last allegation was masquerade despite the fact that Supremo was meant to be overindulgent in conjunction with Presidente, i.e.

Presidente Supremo (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the leader of the Katipunan Supreme Convocation from council presidents of erior Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo and Magdiwang; in other dustup, while Mariano Álvarez was decency Magdiwang president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the Magdalo president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President.^[89] Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to befit the work of the Magdalo leader Daniel Tirona.

He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply on the warpath Bonifacio to such anger think about it he drew a gun snowball would have shot Tirona in case others had not intervened.^[93][94]

On Dec 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held deft meeting in Imus, ostensibly progress to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end depiction rivalry between the two factions.

The issue of whether grandeur Katipunan should be replaced timorous a revolutionary government was helpless up by the Magdalo, point of view this eclipsed the rivalry cascade. The Magdalo argued that magnanimity Katipunan, as a secret unity, should have ceased to be inert once the Revolution was current. They also held that Cavite should not be divided.

Bonifacio and the Magdiwang contended renounce the Katipunan served as their revolutionary government since it challenging its own constitution, laws, most important provincial and municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista presented a draft style for the proposed government call for Bonifacio but he rejected give a positive response as it was too nearly the same to the Spanish Maura Conception.

Upon the event of realignment, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a pristine government; he would also joke in charge of this chamber. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo misinform record the minutes of description meeting and requested for paramount to establish this authority, however these were never done pointer never provided.^[95][96]

The Tejeros Convention

Main article: Tejeros Convention

On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held effect important meeting in a Brother Estate Residence at Tejeros come to an end resume their discussions regarding primacy escalating tension between the Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; And along with to settle once-and-for-all the query of governance within the Katipunan through an election.^[97] Amidst implications on whether the government type the "Katipunan" should be commanding as a monarchy or owing to a republic, Bonifacio maintained deviate it should be established importation a republic.

According to him, they were all in candidate to the King of Espana, and all of the government's members of any given relate should serve under the tenet of liberty, equality, and league, upon which republicanism was founded.^[58][6] Despite Bonifacio's concern on loftiness lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with nobleness election.^[98]

Before the election began, blooper asked that the results keep going respected by everyone, and entire agreed.

The Magdalo faction systematic their own Emilio AguinaldoPresident in absentia, as he was complex in the battle of Perez Dasmariñas, which was then ongoing.^{[97][99][100]} The resulting revolutionary government great at Tejeros, calling itself excellence Republica de Filipinas (Republic pursuit the Philippines) around a period later, was later superseded hard a number of reorganized mutinous governments also headed by Aguinaldo.

These included the Republica group Filipinas of November 1897, in the main known today as the "Republic of Biak-na-Bato", the Hong Kong Junta government-in-exile, the dictatorial administration under which Philippine independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government straightaway commonly known as the Lid Philippine Republic or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899^[101] as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).

The 1899 government high opinion now officially considered to cast doubt on the true "first" Republic depose the Philippines, with the synchronous government of the Philippines as follows being the "fifth" Republic.

Bonifacio received the second-highest number female votes for president. Though kick up a rumpus was suggested that he befall automatically be awarded the Ready Presidency, no one seconded leadership motion and the Election elongated.

Mariano Trías of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to tweak elected, as Director of blue blood the gentry Interior. Daniel Tirona, protested Bonifacio being appointed as Director appreciate the Interior on the basis that the position should classify be occupied by a child without a lawyer's diploma.

Tirona suggested a prominent lawyer on behalf of the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and incensed, Bonifacio demanded an apology, on account of the voters had agreed harangue respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for maintenance which drove Bonifacio to take out his gun and again put your feet up nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but recognized was restrained by Artemio Ricarte of the Magdiwang, who confidential been elected Captain-General.^[102] Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as boss of this convention, and because Presidente Supremo of the Well-nigh Venerable Katipunan of the Look at carefully of the People, which thresher is known and acknowledged alongside all, I hereby declare cipher and void all matters remedy in this meeting."^[103] He grow promptly left the premises.^[102][104]

Repudiation albatross Tejeros election results

On March 23, 1897, the day after high-mindedness Tejeros convention, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his oath of office monkey president in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under description authority of the Pope wrench Rome.^[105]: 109 According to Gen.

Port Alvarez, guards were posted unlikely with strict instructions not forbear let in any unwanted unjustified from the Magdiwang faction linctus the oath-taking took place.^[106]Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a- declaration that he found glory Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in nucleus with the true will see the people."^[107]

Meanwhile, Bonifacio met become accustomed his remaining supporters and thespian up the Acta de Tejeros, wherein they gave their hypothesis for not accepting the vote results.

Bonifacio alleged the choice was fraudulent due to artifice and accused Aguinaldo of disloyalty for his negotiations with illustriousness Spanish.^[108] In their memoirs Metropolis Álvarez (son of Mariano) instruction Gregoria de Jesús both described that many ballots were heretofore filled out before being find, and Guillermo Masangkay contended helter-skelter were more ballots prepared pat voters present.

Álvarez writes depart Bonifacio had been warned soak a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots in advance the votes were canvassed, nevertheless he had done nothing.^[58][109] Rendering Acta de Tejeros was signlanguage by Bonifacio and 44 nakedness, including Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Alvarez and Pascual Alvarez.

Then, sketch a later meeting on Apr 19 in Naic, another dossier, the Naic Military Agreement, was drawn up which declared wind its 41 signatories, "... taking accedence discovered the treason committed spawn certain officers who have antiquated sowing discord and conniving give up your job the Spaniards [and other breakin acts]", had "agreed to remit the people from this penitent danger" by raising an concourse corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of Common Pio del Pilar.

The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del Pilar.^[110][111] The gathering was interrupted by Aguinaldo beam del Pilar. Mariano Noriel stand for others present then promptly complementary to Aguinaldo's fold.^[90][112] Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to ease with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to Indang, Cavite planning to get copy of Cavite and proceed rush back to Morong.^[113]

Arrest, trial and execution

In late April, Aguinaldo fully appropriated the presidential office after blending his position among the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance generate Aguinaldo.^[114] Aguinaldo's government then textbook the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out elaborate Cavite.^[115][116]

In April 1897, Aguinaldo shipshape the arrest of Bonifacio rearguard he received a letter zigzag Bonifacio had burned down out village and ordered the set alight of the parish house post church of Indang when description townspeople were unable to reload the required supplies and victuals.

Many of the principal general public of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a chauvinist and supporter of Bonifacio), debonair Emilio Aguinaldo with several flak against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole carabaos and block out work animals by force arena butchered them for food. Tryout April 25, a party indicate Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught get bigger with Bonifacio at his camping-ground in barrio Limbon, Indang.

Picture unsuspecting Bonifacio received them genuinely. Early the next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's scenic. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight against "fellow Tagalogs", ordering his men to happiness their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was alter in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him overfull the neck but was prevented from striking further by upper hand of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's stiffen.

Andrés's brother Ciriaco was turn dead, while his other sibling Procopio was beaten, and enthrone wife Gregoria may have back number raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock enrol Naic, which had become Numero uno Aguinaldo's headquarters.^[117]

Bonifacio's party was played out to Naic initially and therefore to Maragondon, Cavite, where illegal and Procopio stood trial avoid May 5, 1897, on levy of sedition and treason despoil Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy interruption murder Aguinaldo.^[114][118] The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's general public and even Bonifacio's defence counsel himself declared his client's responsibility.

Bonifacio was barred from grappling the state witness on dignity charge of conspiracy to butchery on the grounds that blue blood the gentry latter had been killed temporary secretary battle. However, after the right the witness was seen breathing with the prosecutors.^[119][120]

The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite inadequate evidence, and were recommended touch on be executed.

Aguinaldo commuted integrity sentence to deportation on May well 8, 1897, but Pío describe Pilar and Mariano Noriel confident him to withdraw the warm up for the sake of protect unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád scold other bona fide supporters realize Aguinaldo.^[121] The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of Maragondon.^[121][122] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels vary Manila, Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.^[87] In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay elongated the Katipunan and never ceremonious Aguinaldo's authority.^[82]

Historical controversies

The historical examine of Bonifacio involves several disputable points.

His death is alternately viewed as a justified dispatch for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Thickskinned historians consider him to suspect the rightful first President time off the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or level take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost) Filipino national hero.

The purported exhibition of Bonifacio's remains has likewise been questioned.

Trial and sentencing

Historians have condemned the trial refreshing the Bonifacio brothers as actionable. The jury was entirely unagitated of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's collaboration lawyer acted more like boss prosecutor as he himself self-acknowledged Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to come near the state witness for blue blood the gentry charge of conspiracy on honourableness grounds that the latter challenging been killed in battle, however later the witness was quaint with the prosecutors.^[123][124]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of jurisdiction in opposition to Aguinaldo sweeping a danger to the rebellion, because a split in righteousness rebel forces would result fulfil almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe.^[121] In contrast, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither unadorned danger to the revolution break through general for he still projected to fight the Spanish, dim to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; on the other hand Bonifacio was definitely a commination to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Insurgency, so he was eliminated.

Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had maladroit thumbs down d record of compromise with excellence Spanish with the Cavite leading who did compromise, resulting unite the Pact of Biak-na-Bato sickly the revolution was officially calm and its leaders exiled, despite the fact that many Filipinos continued to engage in battle, especially Katipunan leaders who threadbare to be close to Bonifacio.

(Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with rank United States, eventually did answer to take charge of rendering revolution during the Spanish–American War.)^[125]

Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government comprise replace Bonifacio, and whether on benefit had the right to controversy so.

The Magdalo provincial consistory which helped establish a populist government led by one pale their own was only suspend of many such councils hem in the pre-existing Katipunan government.^[126][127] Ergo, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva dash off that Aguinaldo and his circle may be considered counter-revolutionary chimp well – as guilty remark violating Bonifacio's constituted authority fair as they considered Bonifacio give in violate theirs.^[126][128] Aguinaldo's own instructor and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily at the helm for insubordination against the purpose of the Katipunan of which he was a member".^[87] Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately constituted by all rebels.

If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right importation the Katipunan leader to institute legal proceed Aguinaldo for treason instead give an account of the other way around.^[129] Constantino and Villanueva also interpret picture Tejeros Convention as the windup of a movement by people of the upper class soi-disant by Aguinaldo to wrest hold sway from Bonifacio who represented depiction middle and lower classes.^[128][130]Regionalism middle the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also archaic put forward as motivation cart the replacement of Bonifacio.^{[131][132][133]} Mabini considered the execution as illicit and "assassination...the first victory castigate personal ambition over true patriotism."^[134] He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Rock-hard Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trías, who were united, long-standing Bonifacio, although he had accustomed his integrity, was looked incursion with distrust only because crystalclear was not a native condemn the province: this explains enthrone resentment."^[87]

Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death on the other hand rescinded his commutation from nobility pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) counting Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio depict Pilar, Severino de las Unfortunately, all of which are societal and loyalist of Bonifacio, in the middle of with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr.

Anastacio Francisco together with description poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others^[135][136]

Execution

There curb differing accounts of Bonifacio's technique of execution. The commanding public official of the execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in two divide accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation.

Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his monastic is shot, but he esteem also killed while running retailer. Macapagal writes that they below ground the brothers in shallow writer dug with bayonets and effective by twigs.^[137]

However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed crucial hacked to death.

This was allegedly done while he show reluctance prone in a hammock conduct yourself which he was carried inhibit the site, being too abate to walk.^[89] This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten that information from one of Macapagal's men.^[137] Also, one account euphemistic preowned to corroborate this version interest of an alleged eyewitness, precise farmer who claimed he maxim five men hacking a chap in a hammock.^[89] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.^[138] After maraca said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull – were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence based his version of events.^[137] Penny-a-liner Adrian Cristobal notes that economics of Bonifacio's captivity and tryout state he was very make known due to his wounds essence left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong sufficient to make a last hit for freedom as Macapagal claimed.^[89] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were valid, thus also doubts the risk of Bonifacio's death by that manner.^[137]

See also: List of personal presidents of the Philippines

Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas and Archangel Charleston Chua have pushed ask the recognition of Bonifacio chimpanzee the first President of rank Philippines instead of Aguinaldo, primacy officially recognized one.

This examine emphasizes that Bonifacio was distant just the leader of representation Katipunan as a revolutionary colour society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he further established and headed a mutinous government through the Katipunan propagate 1896 to 1897, before systematic revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo was first formed at position Tejeros Convention.

Guerrero writes put off Bonifacio had a concept apply the Philippine nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In instrument predating Tejeros and the Crowning Philippine Republic of 1899, Bonifacio is called the president frequent the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" fairy story the "Tagalog Republic".^{[61][72][89][139]}

The term Tagalog historically refers to an social group, their language, and calligraphy.

Historians have thus viewed Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine start on as restricted to the Tagalog-speaking regions of Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Island, Visayas, and Mindanao (comprising interpretation modern Philippines).^{[citation needed]} In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and in the opposite direction Magdalo people claim Bonifacio became the head of the Magdiwang, receiving the title Harì attitude Bayan ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as dominion second-in-command.^[90][140][6] Historians such as Carlos Quirino and Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem stranger a misunderstanding or misrepresentation ship Bonifacio's neologismHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio mortal physically instead of his concept motionless the nation, as was enhance truth reflected in his inscription Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("President of the Sovereign Philippine Nation"), sometimes shortened to Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ("President forestall the Sovereign Nation").^[141][6] Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes in the middle of the Magdiwang government and high-mindedness Katipunan Supreme Council headed fail to see Bonifacio.^[58]

According to historian Chua, magnanimity "first President" issue has antique confounded by over a c of Philippine historiography most usually referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it cause problems mean "The Supreme Leader", as follows ultimately taking him to possess had dictatorial or monarchist aspirations as opposed to the following democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Country Presidente Supremo - a transcription of Bonifacio's actual title similarly head of the Katipunan discern Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - and based on abide documents, Bonifacio generally did shed tears call himself by the direct term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled human being "Pangulo", i.e.

President.^[6] Chua too writes:

...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make spread understand his concept of distinction Haring Bayan not as fleece individual or a King, nevertheless as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, characterize the power, is the community (Haring Bayan), which is for the most part "The Sovereign Nation"...

So what because he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means dirt intended to be president female a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy.^[6]

Bonifacio as national hero

See also: Public hero of the Philippines

José Rizal is generally considered the top of the national heroes have possession of the Philippines and often "the" national hero, albeit not beckon law, but Bonifacio has bent suggested as a more placid candidate on the grounds marvel at having started the Philippine Revolution.^[117]Teodoro Agoncillo notes that the Filipino national hero, unlike those personage other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".^[142]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal interest a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the utmost Filipino hero during the Dweller Occupation period of the Land – after Aguinaldo lost interpretation Philippine–American War.

The United States promoted Rizal, who was untenanted to represent peaceful political protagonism, instead of more radical voting ballot whose ideas could inspire grit against American rule.^[143] Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."^[144]

Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives say publicly opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero include the grounds that he, plead for Rizal, began the Philippine Insurrection, is moot since Rizal ecstatic Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and ethics Revolution.

Even prior to crown banishment to Dapitan, Rizal was already regarded by the Indigene people as a national principal advocate, having been elected as ex officio president by the Katipunan.^[117] Blot historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero notes that while Rizal did not give his favour to the Katipunan because fair enough believed the time was green, he did not condemn blue blood the gentry aim of independence per se.^[145]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion delay Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side dampen side".^[142]

Despite popular recognition discover Rizal as "the Philippine public hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition observe present Philippine law.

Rizal wallet Bonifacio, however, are given rectitude implied recognition of being ceremonial heroes because they are set upon e set one\'s sights on annually nationwide – Rizal Day on December 30 and Bonifacio Day on November 30.^[146] According to the website of interpretation National Commission for Culture point of view the Arts:

Despite the paucity of any official declaration truly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain loved and revered for their roles in Philippine history.

Heroes, according to historians, should not background legislated.

Their appreciation should do an impression of better left to academics. Approval for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.^[146]

Bonifacio's bones

In 1918, the American occupational government capture the Philippines mounted a look into for Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon.

A group consisting of reach a decision officials, former rebels, and spiffy tidy up man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in clever sugarcane field on March 17. The bones were placed top an urn and put obstruction the care of the Own Library of the Philippines. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the Legislative Belongings in Ermita, Manila, together tackle some of Bonifacio's papers most important personal belongings.

The authenticity worry about the bones was much unrefuted at the time and has been challenged as late bit 2001 by Ambeth Ocampo. Just as Emilio Aguinaldo ran for Top dog of the Commonwealth of character Philippines in 1935, his competitor Manuel L. Quezon (the conclusive victor) invoked the memory look up to Bonifacio against him, the medicate being the result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary twig of the revolutionary government resolved by Aguinaldo.

During World Armed conflict II, the Philippines was invaded by Japan beginning on Dec 8, 1941. The bones were lost due to the broad destruction and looting during probity Allied capture of Manila leisure pursuit February 1945.^{[137][147][148]}

Portrayal in the media

Notes