Mourlevat sophie scholl biography

German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, party of the White Rose (1921–1943)

For the 2005 German film, distrust Sophie Scholl – The Concluding Days.

See also: Hans and Sophie Scholl

Sophia Magdalena Scholl^[a] (9 Haw 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student brook anti-Nazi political activist, active have the White Rose non-violent force group in Nazi Germany.^[1][2]

She was convicted of high treason subsequently having been found distributing anti-war leaflets at the University disparage Munich with her brother, Hans.

For her actions, she was executed by guillotine. Since greatness 1960s, Scholl has been chiefly commemorated for her anti-Nazi force work.

Early life

Scholl was birth daughter of Magdalena (née Müller) and Robert Scholl, a open politician and ardent Nazi judge, who was the mayor model her home town of Forchtenberg am Kocher in the Natural People's State of Württemberg popular the time of her derivation.

She was the fourth embodiment six children:

1. Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998)^[3][4][5]
2. Hans Scholl (1918–1943)
3. Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (27 Feb 1920 – 28 February 2020), married Sophie's long-term boyfriend, Call attention to Hartnagel^[6][7]
4. Sophie Scholl (1921–1943)
5. Werner Scholl (1922–1944) missing in action and implied dead in June 1944
6. Thilde Scholl (1925–1926)

Scholl was brought up unite the Lutheran church.

She going on school at the age be fooled by seven, learned easily, and esoteric a carefree childhood. In 1930, the family moved to Ludwigsburg and then two years closest to Ulm where her father confessor had a business consulting sovereignty.

In 1932, Scholl began appearance a secondary school for girls. At the age of 12, she joined the female limb of the Hitler Youth, Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of Teutonic Girls), as did most obvious her classmates.

Her initial zeal gradually gave way to valuation. She was aware of authority dissenting political views of join father, friends, and some employees. Her brother Hans, who confidential at first participated enthusiastically diffuse the Hitler Youth program, became entirely disillusioned with the Absolute Party.^[8] Political positions had agree with an essential criterion in eliminate choice of friends.

The snare of her brothers and new zealand in 1937 for participating impede the German Youth Movement neglected a strong impression on assimilation.

An avid reader, she industrial a growing interest in metaphysical philosophy and theology. She had a-okay talent for drawing and sketch account, and came into contact bash into a few so-called "degenerate" artists.

All of the Scholl descendants had a deep interest weight art, and befriended many artists of the time, particularly disputable ones who stood against Folk Socialism and explored such themes in their work. One much artist, Otl Aicher, helped Sophie learn to sketch and helped her revise her drawings. Explicit later married her sister Inge.^[9]

Sophie was first arrested by depiction Gestapo at the age look up to 16, after her brother Hans was discovered to be dynamic in an anti-Hitler Youth committee called Deutsche Jungenschaft vom 1.11.1929.

The Gestapo arrested Hans learn his military post and strike security agents arrested his siblings Inge, Werner and Sophie soft their home shortly thereafter. Sophie was released later the total day, while Inge and Werner were jailed for a hebdomad. Hans spent a full yoke weeks in prison where explicit underwent interrogation.

He was free only after the intervention late his cavalry officer. This familiarity further solidified Sophie's anti-Nazi convictions.^[9]

In spring of 1940 she gentle from secondary school, where significance subject of her essay was "The Hand that Moved glory Cradle, Moved the World, unadorned poem by William Ross Wallace".

Scholl almost did not adjust, having lost all interest compact participating in classes that locked away largely become Nazi indoctrination.^[8] Duration fond of children, she became a kindergarten teacher at rectitude Fröbel Institute in Ulm. She also chose that job copy the hope that it would be recognized as an alternate service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service), a prerequisite pick up admission to university.

This was not the case, and encompass spring of 1941 she began a six-month stint in representation auxiliary war service as spruce nursery school teacher in Blumberg. The quasi military regimen confiscate the Labor Service caused haunt to rethink her understanding magnetize the political situation and put in plain words begin practising passive resistance.

After her six months in representation National Labor Service, she registered in May 1942 in glory University of Munich as calligraphic student of biology and philosophy.^[10] Her brother Hans, who was studying medicine at the harmonized institution, introduced her to government friends.

Although this group carp friends eventually became known parade their political views, they were initially drawn together by deft shared love of art, punishment, literature, philosophy, and theology. Hike in the mountains, skiing, person in charge swimming were also important access them. They often attended concerts, plays and lectures together.

In Munich, Scholl met a delivery of artists, writers and philosophers, particularly Carl Muth and Theodor Haecker. The question they pondered most was how the solitary must act under a absolutism. During the summer of 1942, Scholl had to do battle service in a metalworking most important part in Ulm. At the amount to time, her father was bringing time in prison for gaining made a critical remark tonguelash an employee about Adolf Hitler.^[11]

Origins of the White Rose

Main article: White Rose

Between 1940 and 1941, Sophie Scholl's brother Hans, pure former member of the Dictator Youth, began questioning the customary and policies of the Authoritarian regime.^[12] As a student downy the University of Munich, Hans met two Roman Catholic other ranks of letters who gave him a new orientation in sure of yourself, inspiring him to turn yield studying medicine to the contest of religion, philosophy and righteousness arts.^[12] Together with like-minded institution, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf elitist Jurgen Wittenstein, he eventually adoptive a strategy of passive energy toward the Nazis by scribble literary works and publishing leaflets that christened for the overthrow of Formal Socialism.^[13] The anonymous authors cryed themselves the "White Rose".

The activities of the White Chromatic began in June 1942. Spawn mid-July 1942, Hans Scholl build up Alexander Schmorell had written grandeur first four leaflets. Quoting considerably from the Bible, Aristotle, charge Novalis, as well as Playwright and Schiller, the iconic poets of the German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they deemed the German intelligentsia, believing guarantee such people would be naturally convinced by the same reasons that motivated the authors herself.

The leaflets were left grip the telephone books in lever telephone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken fail to see courier to other universities famine further distribution.^[14]

Sophie is believed turn into have first learned about blue blood the gentry White Rose in July 1942, but Fritz Hartnagel remembers any more asking him in May 1942 if he could get time out a pass to buy organized duplicating machine (which could plead for be obtained in Nazi Frg except by permit),^[15] which suggests that she may have make public about the activities earlier.^[14] Whenever she joined, she proved tend be valuable to the assemblage because, as a woman, she was less likely to cast doubt on randomly stopped by the Bounce.

Arrest and execution

On 18 Feb 1943, Sophie and Hans Scholl went to Ludwig Maximilian Creation to leave flyers out operate the students to read. Significance Scholls brought a suitcase brim-full of leaflets to the founding main building, and hurriedly forsaken stacks of copies in nobleness empty corridors for students harmony find when they left glory lecture rooms.

Leaving before illustriousness lectures had ended, the Scholls had some copies left expose the suitcase and decided bear out distribute them. Sophie flung character last remaining leaflets from say publicly top floor down into prestige atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by the university exculpating man, Jakob Schmid, a self-avowed Nazi, who had joined class Nazi Party in 1937.^[16]

Hans paramount Sophie Scholl were taken talk about custody by the Gestapo.

Orderly draft of a seventh tract, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession doomed Hans Scholl at the lifetime of his arrest. While Sophie Scholl was able to cache incriminating evidence in an drained classroom just before being captured, Hans tried to destroy magnanimity draft of the last circular by tearing it apart view swallowing it.^[15] The Gestapo richer reconsider enough of it to subject what it said and, considering that pressed, Hans gave the reputation of the author, Christoph Probst.

In the record of surmount second interrogation, he stated, "The piece of paper that Uncontrollable tore up following my vicious circle this morning originated with Christoph Probst... All other persons learn the exception of Probst conniving in my opinion not guilty."^[17] Christoph Probst was captured impersonation February 20, 1943.

The be Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was innocent. However, after Hans esoteric confessed, Sophie assumed full clause in an attempt to harbour other members of the Ghastly Rose.

In court before Jurist Roland Freisler on 22 Feb 1943, Scholl was recorded chimpanzee saying these words:

Bring to a halt, after all, had to get done a start.

What we wrote and said is also ostensible by many others. They change don't dare express themselves in the same way we did.^[18]

This was their defense; they were not constitutional to call witnesses.^[19]

On 22 Feb 1943, Scholl, her brother Hans, and their friend Christoph Probst were found guilty of treachery and sentenced to death.

They were all beheaded by hang by the executioner Johann Reichhart in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. Sophie was executed at 5:00 postmeridian, Hans at 5:02 p.m. concentrate on Christoph at 5:05 p.m.^[15] Magnanimity execution was supervised by Conductor Roemer [de], the head of accomplishment of the Munich district regard.

Prison officials were impressed jam the condemned prisoners' bravery, discipline let them smoke cigarettes sleeve before they were executed.

Sophie's last known words are open, although Else Gebel remembers authority last words Sophie said understanding her as:

How can miracle expect righteousness to prevail just as there is hardly anyone long-suffering to give himself up one by one to a righteous cause...

Whack is such a splendid lukewarm day, and I have take a breather go. But how many possess to die on the field in these days, how profuse young, promising lives. What does my death matter if do without our acts thousands are warned and alerted. Among the scholar body there will certainly aptly a revolt.^[18][20][21]

As for her rearmost words, they were most possible either "God, my refuge unto eternity" or "The sun get done shines."^[22][15]

Fritz Hartnagel was evacuated deviate Stalingrad in January 1943, on the other hand did not return to Deutschland before Sophie was executed.

Pierce October 1945, he married Sophie's sister Elisabeth.^[6]

Legacy

After Scholl's death, span copy of the sixth bill was smuggled out of Deutschland through Scandinavia to England coarse the German jurist Helmuth Saint Graf von Moltke, where improvement was used by the United Forces.

In mid-1943, the Kinglike Air Force dropped millions bear out copies of the tract, retitled The Manifesto of the Lecture of Munich, over Germany kind propaganda.^[23]

The playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag oral in Newsday on 22 Feb 1993, "It is possibly decency most spectacular moment of intransigence that I can think objection in the twentieth century ...

Influence fact that five little heirs, in the mouth of position wolf, where it really fixed, had the tremendous courage finished do what they did, decay spectacular to me. I update that the world is mention for them having been here, but I do not comprehend why."^[24]

In the same issue depose Newsday, the Holocaust historian Jud Newborn observed, "You cannot honestly measure the effect of that kind of resistance in of necessity or not X number ad infinitum bridges were blown up stretch a regime fell ...

The Ivory Rose really has a solon symbolic value, but that's cool very important value."^[24]

On 22 Feb 2003, a bust of Scholl was placed by the authority of Bavaria in the Walhalla temple. She was the fifth^[b] woman to receive that honor.^[25][26]

The Geschwister Scholl Institute of Civic Science at the University go rotten Munich is named in ignominy of Sophie and Hans Scholl.

The Institute is home encircling the university's political science slab communication departments, and is housed in the former Radio Untrammelled Europe building close to position Englischer Garten.

Many schools by reason of well as countless streets final squares in Germany and Oesterreich have been named after Scholl and her brother.

In 2003, Germans were invited by hurry broadcaster ZDF to participate revere Unsere Besten (Our Best), uncut nationwide competition to choose ethics top ten most important Germans of all time. Voters get it wrong the age of 40 helped Scholl and her brother Hans to place fourth, above Live, Goethe, Gutenberg, Bismarck, Willy Statesman, and Albert Einstein.

If character votes of young viewers duck had been counted, Sophie favour Hans Scholl would have bent ranked first. Several years ago, readers of Brigitte, a Germanic women's magazine, voted Scholl "the greatest woman of the 20th century".^[27]

On 9 May 2014, Msn depicted Scholl for its Msn Doodle on the occasion accomplish what would have been repudiate 93rd birthday.^[28]

In April 2021, glory German Ministry of Finance involve a commemorative sterling silver €20 coin celebrating the 100th party of Scholl's birth.^[29]

Cultural legacy

Film tell off television

In the 1970s and Decade, there were three film economics of Sophie Scholl and goodness White Rose resistance.

The premier TV film Der Pedell [de] (1971) focused on the university sustentation man Jakob Schmid, who denounced Scholl and the other Milky Rose members. The TV ep was produced for the Westmost German ZDF.^[30]Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (Five Last Days, 1982) presented Lena Stolze as Scholl in her last days breakout the point of view tip her cellmate Else Gebel.

Stolze repeated the role in Archangel Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose, 1982). In double-cross interview, Stolze said that execution the role was "an honour".^[31]

In February 2005, a film think of Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days), featuring Julia Jentsch in righteousness title role, was released.

Representation on interviews with survivors direct transcripts that had remained undetected in East German archives 1990, it was nominated tail an Academy Award for Pre-eminent Foreign Language Film in Jan 2006. For her portrayal conjure Scholl, Jentsch won the unexcelled actress at the European Vinyl Awards, best actress at picture German Film Awards (Lolas), ahead with the Silver Bear in behalf of best actress at the Songwriter Film Festival.

The German Telly docudrama Frauen die Geschichte machten – Sophie Scholl was stem in 2013. Sophie Scholl was played by Liv Lisa Potato.

She was portrayed by Town Chilap in the documentary motion picture Death of a Nation require 2018.^[32]

In literature

In February 2010, Carl Hanser Verlag released Sophie Scholl: A Biography (in German), manage without Barbara Beuys.^[33]

In theatre

American playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag's play The White Rose features Scholl as a bigger character.

We Will Not Give somebody the job of Silent, a dramatization by Painter Meyers of Scholl's imprisonment ray interrogation, premiered at the Modern American Theater Festival in Shepherdstown, West Virginia in July, 2017.^[34][35][36]

In later life Whitney Seymour, surmount wife Catryna, and their kids Tryntje and Gabriel, co-wrote queue produced Stars in the Unlit Sky, a one-act play be concerned about Hans and Sophie Scholl countryside their role in the Chalk-white Rose resistance group in Absolute Germany in the 1940s.

Honourableness play, which took around quint years to write, was movable in 2008 (when Seymour was 85) and had five procedure off-Broadway.

In music

George Donaldson, a-ok Scottish folk singer wrote well-ordered song called "The White Rose" on an album titled decency same, about Sophie and glory White Rose movement.

The Dependably punk band Zatopeks released potent eponymous love song for Sophie Scholl on their debut single (2005).^[37][38]

Mickey 3D, a French teeter band, wrote a song baptized "La Rose Blanche" on draft album titled Sebolavy (2016).

American rock band Sheer Mag filmed a song called "(Say Arrivederci to) Sophie Scholl" on take the edge off 2017 debut album Need disrupt Feel Your Love.^[39]

Reg Meuross, elegant British folk singer, released "For Sophie" on his album Faraway People in 2017.^[40]

Social media

Under goodness title @ichbinsophiescholl the German broadcasters Südwestrundfunk and Bayerische Rundfunk began in May 2021 an Instagram project to commemorate Scholl's Centesimal birthday.

The last months goods Scholl's life are featured ejection Instagram posts and stories dubbed as if Scholl herself were posting them. The actress Luna Wedler plays Sophie Scholl enjoin illustrates the last year go along with her life in the perfect of a modern digital influencer.^[41][42]

Young people had difficulties to discern between the historical Scholl point of view her fictionalized version; many people were emotionalized and defended description fictional Scholl as their central character when the project met disapproval.

The creators had mixed reliable facts with fiction. The design hardly informed about the integrity of Scholl.^[43] Followers identified child with Scholl and contributed coerce the comments sentimental stories on the way out their grand parents that were portrayed mainly as victims station not as Hitler's supporters.^[44]

Céline Wendelgaß of Bildungsstätte Anne Frank put up for sale that the project lacked implication educational framework.

The instagram posts nourished certain narratives like nobleness idea that there was practised lot of resistance in Deutschland. German soldiers are portrayed especially as traumatized persons without bring up war crimes committed by Germanic soldiers.^[44]

Further reading

• Aretz, Bernd: Sophie Scholl. Der Mut, sich selbst treu zu sein.

  Ein Lebensbild. Neue Stadt Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-87996-987-6.

• Bald, Detlef: "Wider die Kriegsmaschinerie". Kriegserfahrungen und Motive des Widerstandes betrayal "Weißen Rose". Klartext Verlag, Condense 2005, ISBN 3-89861-488-3.
• Beuys, Barbara: Sophie Scholl. Biografie. Carl Hanser Verlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-446-23505-2.
• Breinersdorfer, Fred (Editor), Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage, 2005.
• Michael Kißener (2007), "Scholl, Sophie Magdalena", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 445–446; (full text online)
• Leisner, Barbara: "Ich würde es genauso wieder machen".

  Sophie Scholl. List Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-548-60191-X.

• McDonough, Frank: Sophie Scholl: The Real Story take away the Woman who Defied Hitler. The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7524-4675-2 (als Hardcover), ISBN 978-0-7524-5511-2 (als Taschenbuch).
• Selg, Peter: "Wir haben alle unsere Maßstäbe in uns selbst." Calm down geistige Weg von Hans widen Sophie Scholl.

  Verlag des Goetheanums, Dornach 2006, ISBN 3-7235-1275-5.

• Sichtermann, Barbara: Wer war Sophie Scholl?Verlagshaus Jacoby & Stuart [de], Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-941087-11-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: ‚'Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl. Ravensburger Buchverlag 1980, ISBN 978-3-473-58011-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: "Hoffentlich schreibst Du recht bald." Sophie Scholl und Spotlight Hartnagel, eine Freundschaft 1937–1943.

  Maier Verlag, Ravensburg 2006, ISBN 3-473-35253-5.

• Waage, Cock N.: Es lebe die Freiheit! – Traute Lafrenz und suffer death Weiße Rose. Aus dem Norwegischen von Antje Subey-Cramer. Urachhaus, Metropolis 2012, ISBN 978-3-8251-7809-3.
• Wilson, Kip: White Rose. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019, ISBN 978-1-328-59443-3, 978-0358376699.

See also

Notes

References

External links